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Yıl:2024; Cilt: 16; Sayı: 1>> Özet
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Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar; 2024;16(1):31-47
Ahlaki Uzaklaşmadan Uzaklaşmak: Bireysel Farklılıklar ve MüdahaleProgramlarına İlişkin Bir Derleme
E Yalçın,B Aktaş
İstanbul 29 Mayıs Üniversitesi,İstanbul
Kişilerin içsel ahlaki standartların ihlal edildiği durumlarda nasıl düşük düzeyde stres deneyimlediği merak uyandıran bir sorudur. Bu soruyu ele alan ahlaki uzaklaşma teorisi, insanların ahlaki ihlallere dahil veya tanık olmasını kolaylaştıran farklı bilişsel mekanizmaları açıklamak üzere öne sürülmüştür. İncelemeler ahlaki uzaklaşmaya ilişkin eğilimlerin bağlamsal faktörlerin yanı sıra bireysel farklılıklarla da açıklanabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Ahlaki uzaklaşmanın bireysel farklılıklar ve bağlamsal faktörlerle ilişkisinin ötesinde, ahlaki uzaklaşmaya müdahale etmenin etkili bir yolu olup olmadığını araştırmak da oldukça değerlidir. Bu derleme makalesi, bireysel farklılıklar, bağlamsal faktörler ve müdahalelerle ilgili çalışmaları ele alarak etik olmayan davranışların azaltılabilmesi için altta yatan psikolojik mekanizmalara ilişkin anlayışımızı zenginleştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Birlikte ele alındığında, bulgular Dürüstlük-Alçakgönüllülük, Uyumluluk, Sorumluluk, Psikopati ve Makyavelizm’in, ahlaki uzaklaşma ile ilişkili bireysel farklılıklar olduğunu göstermektedir. Ek olarak, daha az sayıda araştırmada bağlanma stillerinin, politik tutumların, ahlaki kimliğin ve ahlaki duyguların ahlaki uzaklaşma süreçlerini deneyimlemekle ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Çalışmalar bireysel farklılıkların ahlaki uzaklaşmaya yatkınlık için önemli olduğunu gösterse de bu farkların ahlaki uzaklaşmayı azaltmak için müdahale programlarında nadiren dikkate alındığı görülmektedir. Ahlaki uzaklaşmayı azaltmak için tasarlanan programların uzun vadeli etkilerinin nadiren test edildiği ve genellikle çalışma ortamına veya ergenlik dönemine odaklandığı görülmektedir. Gelecekte bireysel farklılıkların rolünü dikkate alan boylamsal desenleri içeren uygulamalı çalışmalar ilgili literatüre katkı sağlayacaktır
Disengagement from Moral Disengagement:A Review of Individual Differences andIntervention Programs
It is an intriguing question of how people can reduce stress in situations where internal moral standards are violated. The moral distancing theory that addresses this question has been proposed to explain the different cognitive mechanisms facilitating people's involvement in or witnessing moral violations. Several findings showed that individual differences and contextual factors might explain moral disengagement tendencies. Beyond showing the correlations between moral disengagement processes and individual differences and contextual factors, it is also valuable to investigate if there is an effective way to intervene in moral disengagement. This review article addresses the previously shown evidence regarding individual differences, contextual factors, and interventions, which aim to enrich our understanding of the underlying psychological mechanisms to reduce unethical behaviors. Taken together, Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Psychopathy, and Machiavellianism were found to be individual differences associated with moral disengagement. Additionally, less research showed that attachment styles, political attitudes, moral identity, and emotions might be essential to experience moral disengagement. Although several studies showed that individual differences are related to being more prone to moral disengagement, these studies were rarely considered in intervention programs aiming to reduce immoral behaviors. Programs that have been designed to reduce moral disengagement overlook the longterm effects. Additionally, interventions often focus on the work environment and adolescence. In the future, interventions that include longitudinal designs considering the role of individual differences and different contexts might contribute to the relevant literature

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