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Yıl:2008; Cilt: 18; Sayı: 2>> Özet
TAM METİN
Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni; 2008;18(2):122-129
Nikotinik Reseptörler, Nükleus Akumbens ve Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu
K Karabekiroğlu
Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Çocuk ve Ergen Psikiyatrisi AD., Samsun-Türkiye
Nöronal nikotinik reseptörler (nAch) insan beyninde yaygın olarak bulunur ve özellikle dikkat, öğrenme ve bellek gibi işlevlerde kritik öneme sahiptir. Bu makalede, beyin nAch’lerinin anatomik ve gelişimsel olarak dağılımı ve özellikle nukleus akumbensteki işlevleri ile dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB) patofizyolojisi arasındaki ilişkinin, nikotine erken dönemde yüksek düzeyde maruz kalmanın ve erişkin dönemde nikotinik reseptörlere etkili ajanların dikkat ve öğrenme becerileri üzerine etkilerinin gözden geçirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Öncelikli olarak “derleme” niteliğindeki makalelere ve temel olarak DEHB patofizyolojisi ve nikotinik reseptörler ya da nukleus akumbens arasındaki ilişkileri inceleyen çalışmalara, özellikle “ScienceDirect” ve “Mdconsult” arama motorları kullanılarak ulaşılmış ve elde edilen veriler bu derlemede özetlenmiştir.
Özellikle çocukluk çağında çok sık olarak görülen ve bilişsel, davranışsal, sosyal, psikolojik ve akademik çok sayıda sorunu oluşması için
önemli bir risk faktörü olan DEHB’nin oluşum mekanizması henüz tümüyle
aydınlatılamamıştır. İçlerinde yetersiz dopamin (DA), glutamat,
norepinefrin işlevlerinin de yer aldığı pek çok biyolojik model ileri sürülmüştür.
Son yıllarda giderek artan hayvan modelleri ve klinik DEHB
olgularıyla yapılan çalışmalar, heterojenik klinik görünümü tek model
üzerinde bütüncül bir yaklaşımla toplayan yeni hipotezleri gündeme
getirmektedir. Bu yaklaşımda özellikle nükleus akumbens, dopaminerjik
sisteme doğrudan etkili nikotinik reseptörler ve yetersiz çalışan
“ödül” sistemi ön plana çıkarılmaktadır.
Birincil olarak uzun süreli tonik/fazik mezolimbik DA etkileşimi ve ikincil
olarak da akumbens üzerindeki sinaptik kapılama modeli ile, ikili yolak
modeli DEHB’ye eşlik eden bozuklukları açıklayabilmektedir. Etkilenmenin
edinilmiş ya da doğuştan olmasının, süre ve şiddetinin ve farklı
yaşlardaki klinik görünümünün ortaya çıkaracağı farklılıkların incelenmesi
için daha ileri araştırmalara gereksinim vardır.
Nicotinic receptors, nucleus accumbens and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAch) are widely distributed in human
brain and they have critical importance on cognitive functions such as
attention, learning and memory. We aimed to review anatomic and
developmental distribution of nAch of the brain, particular functions of
nAch in nucleus accumbens and on pathophysiology of attention
deficit hyperactivtiy disorder (ADHD). In addition, we reviewed the
outcome of prenatal and early childhood exposure to nicotine and
effects of agonistic agents of nicotinic reseptors in terms of attention
and learning skills. Method: In this article we reviewed especially the
review articles about the relation between ADHD pathophysiology
and nicotinic receptors and nucleus accumbens, using mostly
“ScienceDirect” and “Mdconsult” medical search motors. Results:
ADHD is a common childhood psychiatric disorder and it is assumed
as a significant risk factor for several cognitive, behavioral, social,
psychological and academical problems. However, its
pathophysiological origins are yet to be elucidated. Several models
including dopamine (DA), glutamate, norepinephrine dysfunction are
suggested. Recently, the research studies with clinical ADHD cases
and animal models are increasing in number. These studies mostly
propose new hypothesis which integrates the heterogenic
pathophysiology on a model. This model particularly involves nucleus
accumbens, nicotinic reseptors which directly effects the
dopaminergic system and the deficient reward system. Discussion:
The “dual pathway hypothesis” could explain firstly the chronic
tonic/phasic mesolimbic interaction, and secondly the accompanying
psychiatric problems by the synaptic gating model over the nucleus
accumbens. In order to explore the differential outcome of the
disturbence either innate or acquired, effects of the duration and
severity and the differences in developmental stages, further studies
are needed.

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