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Yıl:2008; Cilt: 18; Sayı: 2>> Özet
TAM METİN
Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni; 2008;18(2):140-152
Alkol Bağımlılığında İçme İsteği
H Güveli, Ö Saatçioğlu
Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Ruh Sağlığı ve Sinir Hastalıkları Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, İstanbul
İçme isteği (craving), bağımlılığın temel özelliklerinden biridir ve maddenin bırakılmasından sonra da yıllarca yaşanabilmektedir. Bu terim, günümüzde tüm bağımlılık yapan maddeler için kullanılmış olsa da daha çok alkol kullanımı ile ilgili özdeşleşmiştir. Araştırmacılar, alkol bağımlılığının beynin kalıcı adaptasyonu olduğunu düşünmektedirler. Uzun süreli alkol alımı pek çok beyin fonksiyonunu bozmaktadır. Nörobiyoloji ve beyin görüntüleme çalışmaları, içme isteği ile ilgili pekçok beyin bölgesi ve nörotransmitterlerin tanımlanmasını sağlamış ve "isteklendirme-duyarlılaşma modeli" denilen model tanımlanmıştır. İçme isteğinin belli beyin bölgeleri ile ilişkili olduğu gösterilmiştir. Ödüllendirici etkinin oluşmasındaki esas beyin yapıları ise ventral tegmental alan (VTA), ventral striatum, nükleus akkumbens, amigdala ve frontal kortekstir. Dorsal lateral prefrontal korteks (DLPC) alkol-madde kullanımında ödüllendirici hafıza oluşumunda önemlidir. Alkol alımının hatırlanması DLPC’nin aktive olması ile oluşmaktadır. Ayrıca; araştırmacılar, içme isteği için belirli modeller geliştirmeye çalışmaktadırlar. Bilişsel mekanizmalar üzerine kurulu model ve koşullanma mekanizmaları
üzerine kurulu modeller, içme isteği için iki ana modeli oluşturmaktadır. Alkol tedavisinde kullanılan ilaçlar ise alkolizmin nörobiyolojik mekanizmaları üzerine etki etmektedir. Alkol tedavisinde isteği azaltmaya yönelik olarak 4 ilaçtan 3’ ü kullanılmaktadır. Bunlar naltrekson
, akamprosat ve tiaprid’tir. Diğer bir ilaç olan disülfiramın (antabus) da isteğe karşı az da olsa etkisi bulunmaktadır. İlaç tedavisinin yanısıra, bağımlılığa yönelik bilişsel davranışçı tedavi programları da tedavide yer almaktadır. Bu makalede alkol ve madde isteği kavramı,
nörobiyolojik mekanizmaları, isteğin değerlendirilmesi ve tedavisi gözden geçirilmişltir.
Craving in addiction
Craving is one of the basic characteristics of addiction and may last
for [year]s after stopping to drink. Although this term is now used for all
habit-forming addictive substances, it has been identified with
alcohol intake to a larger extent. Alcohol addiction develops with the
permanent adaptation of the brain, and long-term alcohol intake
impairs many brain functions. Neurobiology and brain imaging
efforts ensured identification of many craving-related brain areas and
neurotransmitters, paving the way for identification of a model called
“incentive-sensitization model”. Craving has been shown to be
associated with certain areas of the brain. And fundamental brain
structures playing a part in rewarding effect formation are ventral
tegmental area (VTA), ventral striatum, nucleus accumbance,
amigdala and frontal cortex. Dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPC) is
important in rewarding memory formation in alcohol-substance
abuse. Besides; researchers are trying to develop different models for
craving. Models built on cognitive mechanisms and models built on
conditioning mechanisms are two essential groups of modelling for
craving. Drugs which are used for alcohol treatment are effected on
neurobiological mechanisms of alcoholism. Three out of 4 drugs are
applied with an eye to reducing the level of craving while
administering alcohol treatment. Such drugs are naltrexson,
acamprosate and tiapride. Disulfiram (antabus), another drug, has
some efficacy against craving, as well. Apart from medicine-based
treatment, there are addiction-oriented cognitive behaviouralist
therapeutic programs, as well. In this article, we dealt with
neurobiological mechanisms of the concept of craving as well as with
its assessment and treatment.

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